It has normal pigmentation in eyes and skin. Lastly, there are East African lions ( P. l. nubica ). Male lions in coalitions are closely related. In this part of Africa, lions occur in East Africa. Among six samples of captive lions from Ethiopia, five clustered with samples from East Africa, but one with samples from the Sahel. Title of the EOI: Provision of Customs Clearance, Freight Forwarding and Related Services for EALBMSC . Thescientific nameP. l. melanochaitawas proposed for theCape lionin 1842 that was eradicated in the mid-19th century. Faeces of lions collected near waterholes in Hwange National Park also contained remains of climbing mice (Dendromus) and common mice (Mus). East African Mammals, An Atlas of Evolution in Africa . IF you are an Ethiopian or you live in Ethiopia, this an opportunity for you to get recruited. Samples from West Africa shared alleles with samples from Southern Africa, and samples from Central Africa shared alleles with samples from Asia. There is one male, Chester, born in September 2010 and two females: Zuri, born in September 2010 and Asha, born in January of 2011. The unit is engaged in the manufacture of corrugated boxes, manufacture of plastic containers (for personal care products) and flex graphic printing. The lion's fur varies in colour from light buff to dark brown. Of these, 35 coalitions included male lions that were born in the area but had left and returned after about two years of absence. Private game ranches in South Africa also breed lions for the canned hunting industry. Lions belong to the big cat family - lions, tigers, leopards and jaguars - and are the second largest big cat in the world after the tiger. 1950 EAST AFRICA LION SHILLING HIGH GRADE COIN. The African lion, on the other hand, is spread out across Africa, with the most numbers concentrated around the East African region. Felis (Leo) melanochaitus was the scientific name proposed by Charles Hamilton Smith in 1842 who described a lion specimen from South Africa's Cape Province. Comprising of structured and professional management, the East African Lion Brands Industries PLC currently employs over 1,500 employees greatly contributing to reducing the country's employment with the vision of being the most admired Ethiopian branded consumer packaged goods company. When does spring start? As already mentioned, the lion is the biggest predator, reaching up to 120 cm at withers. In 1963, two lions in Tanzania weighed 320 and 360 kg (700 and 800 lb) after killing several livestock. In East and Southern Africa, lion populations declined in: Contemporary lion distribution and habitat quality in East and Southern Africa was assessed in 2005, and Lion Conservation Units (LCU) mapped. Uncontrolled bushfires and hunting of lions and prey species in Zambia's Kafue National Park make it difficult for the lion population to recover. Various authors recognized between seven and 10 African lion subspecies. In this part of Africa, lion populations are regionally extinct in Lesotho, Djibouti and Eritrea, and threatened by loss of habitat and prey base, killing by local people in retaliation for loss of livestock, and in several countries also by trophy hunting. It is believed to have killed and eaten at least 35people in a series of incidents covering several villages in the coastal of this region. . Their skulls and skins are part of the zoological collection of the. When do they begin to roar? In the early 21st century, Mazk's hypothesis about a geographically isolated evolution of the Cape lion was challenged. In 2006, a Lion Conservation Strategy for East and Southern Africa was developed in cooperation betweenIUCNregional offices and several wildlife conservation organisations. Southern African Lion: The Southern African Lion are typically the largest lions in Africa. In the Serengeti National Park, lion prides have been monitored since 1966. Food and Beverage sided luggage or duffels are preferable to hard luggage for storage on safari vehicles and on aircraft used within East Africa. Cubs died due to starvation in months when large prey was not available, following take-over of prides by new males, or of unknown causes. Results of genetic analyses indicate that the species comprises two main evolutionary groups, one in Southern and East Africa, and the other in the northern and eastern parts of its historical range. They possibly migrated through corridors in the Nile Basin during the early Holocene. Can we bring a species back from the brink? Hence, lion manes reflect ambient temperature. Establishing corridors between protected areas is important for facilitating dispersal of lions. IUCN regional offices and many wildlife conservation organisations cooperated to develop a Lion Conservation Strategy for Eastern and Southern Africa in 2006. Asiatic lions (Panthera leo persica) are a subspecies of African lion, but only one very small population survives in India's Gir Forest. Contact one of our Lion World Travel Africa specialist will advise you on additional costs for these extra activities. The cheetah is a large cat native to Africa and central Iran. Feliformia The latter have thinner manes, or are even maneless. Phone Number +251 929-923-021. It was assumed that tropical rainforest and the East African Rift constituted major barriers between the two groups. In 1936, a man-eating lion shot in 1936 in eastern Transvaal weighed about 313 kg (690 lb), and was considered to have been one of the heaviest wild lions. In 2012, samples of lions kept at Sana'a Zoo in Yemen were found to cluster with those of lions from East and Southern Africa. Unique East African Lion Posters designed and sold by artists. In 1936, a man-eating lion shot in 1936 in eastern Transvaal weighed about 313 kg (690 lb), and was considered to have been one of the heaviest wild lions. Lion bones are used to replace tiger bones in traditional Asian medicines. This assessment showed an extreme dichotomy in lion populations between regions. Today, there are only half as many African lions than there were 25 years ago. The industrial park incorporates the major industries owned by the group such as the biscuit lines, macaroni line, supplementary food line, soap and detergent lines, printing and packaging lines, the tea blending and packing, and the coffee roasting and packing facility. They are extinct regionally in Egypt, Eritrea and Djibouti. READ MORE East African Lion Brands Industries The industrial park incorporates the biscuit lines, macaroni line, supplementary food line, soap and detergent lines, printing and packaging lines, the tea blending and packing . Masai Lion: February 20, 2023 1 Song, 3 minutes 2023 TAT. It depicts a man being attacked by a lion, which was later killed by Uganda Peoples Defence Forces soldiers after the animal had spent days killing and eating people's livestock in villages in the western Uganda district of Kagadi. Chordata Vulnerable Here, wild animals will be heard and respected. This forum is about the natural world. Young lions do not help to hunt until they are about a year old. An exceptionally heavy male nearMount Kenya National Parkweighed 272kg (600lb). The industrial park has 8,000 m2 central warehouse, which is used to stock raw materials and finished goods for all manufacturing facilities. These lions mainly stick to the grasslands, scrub, or open woodlands where they can more easily hunt their prey, but they can live in most habitats aside from tropical rainforests and deserts. East African lion; Asiatic lion; West African lion; 2. They were killed by George Gilman Rushby. Preview. Tap to inquire. Explore Chad - a country in the region worth visiting or use the destination finder. It is an adoptable animal in all three main Zoo Tycoon installments, as well as most of the side-games. Subspecies EastAfricanAir. This tour will take you. Between 1990 and 2004, lions killed more than 560 people in Tanzania, mostly during harvest season in crop fields and in areas where natural prey is scarce. The southern region is particularly productive, since incredible concentrations of game mean that lions . Since the beginning of the 21st century, several phylogenetic studies were conducted to aid clarifying the taxonomic status of lion samples kept in museums and collected in the wild. Mane colour varies from sandy, tawny, isabelline, light reddish yellow to dark brown and black. The African Lion is the second largest species of extant cat, after the tiger. This specimen is described as being from "Nubia". The name 'Simba' is a Swahili word for the lion, which also means 'aggressive', 'king' and 'strong'. Nairobi Kenya. The two subspecies breeds of lions are said to include the African lion or Panthera Leo and the Asiatic lion. It is assumed that their ancestors, five males and two females, were caught in southwestern Ethiopia as part of a zoological collection for Emperor Haile Selassie I. In other East African cultures, it symbolizes laziness. They kept a constant lookout for circling vultures, apparently being aware that vultures indicate a dead animal. The national animal of Kenya is the East African lion, Panthera leo melanochaita, whse cinematic roar and lush mane make it a regal, magnificent sight.It is one of the "Big Five" game that was popularly hunted but are now poached illegally. Males living in the highlands above 800m (2,600ft) elevation develop heavier manes than lions in the more humid and warmer lowlands of eastern and northern Kenya. Prey base depletion, loss and conversion of habitat have led to a number of subpopulations becoming small and isolated. It is the primary cause for a decline of lion populations in Tanzania's Selous Game Reserve and Katavi National Park. because East African Lion Brands Manufacturing S.C is currently Recruiting new workers. A lioness pursued an impala for at least 2 km (1.2 mi), and killed a young woman near her car. In this part of Africa, lion populations are regionally extinct in Lesotho, Djibouti and Eritrea, and threatened by loss of habitat and prey base, killing by local people in retaliation for loss of livestock, and in several countries also by trophy hunting. Subfamily Photograph by Joel Sartore, National Geographic Photo Ark. Free shipping. In 2012, samples of lions kept at Sana'a Zoo in Yemen were found to cluster with those of lions from East and Southern Africa. In KavangoZambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area, lions have been monitored since 1999. Southeastern Ethiopia is therefore considered a genetic admixture zone between Central and East African lions. In 2014, seven lions in Ikona Wildlife Management Area were reportedly poisoned by a herdsman for attacking his cattle. $12.99. Continent or Island These skeletons may have the answer, Scientists are making advancements in birth controlfor men, Blood cleaning? True to our Group's mission To Protect and . Species Since the turn of the 21st century, lion populations in intensively managed protected areas in Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe have increased, but declined in East African range countries. Book safaris at highly discounted prices and costs. Further fueling this conflict between lions and humans is the loss of prey across the species range. Results show that adult male and female lions preferred grassland and shrubland habitat, but avoided woodlands and areas with high human density. In 2016, IUCN Red List assessors subsumed all African lion populations to P. l. leo. In the 1970s, the scientific name P. l. vernayi was considered synonymous with P. l. krugeri. Although lions and their prey are officially protected in Tsavo National Parks, they are regularly killed by local people, with over 100 known lion killings between 2001 and 2006. Ellerman and Morrison-Scott recognized only two lion subspecies in the Palearctic realm, namely the African P. l. leo and the Asiatic P. l. persica. For a subsequent phylogeographic study, eight wild lion samples from the Ethiopian Highlands were included in the DNA sequencing analysis using 194 lion samples from 22 countries. Helping humans learn how to live with lions is key to ensuring their survival. Why wetlands are so critical for life on Earth, Rest in compost? If I Leave (Acoustic) 3:33. It has also been referred to as 'Eastern-Southern African lion', 'Southern lion', and as 'southern subspecies'. It is assumed that their ancestors, five males and two females, were caught in southwestern Ethiopia as part of a zoological collection for Emperor Haile Selassie I. African lions have been admired throughout history for as symbols of courage and strength. Lions have existed for at least 1.5 million years, and in that time they haven't changed much in physical appearance. Cub mortality in particular is high. They were suspected to have been rhino poachers, as they had a high-powered rifle with a silencer, an axe and wire cutters. The role trophy hunting plays is controversial. In February 2018, lions killed a suspected poacher near Kruger National Park. In East Africa, lions inhabit a wide variety of habitats including savanna and arid landscapes, open grasslands andmiombo woodlands. Facts about African Lions 2: diet There are various foods that African lions eat. African lion is called as the king of the jungle. Fearing that lions will prey on their livestock, which can be a significant financial blow, ranchers may kill the animals both in retaliation and as a preventative measure, sometimes using pesticides as poison. East Africa Panthera Leo Melanochaita includes: Southwest African Lion: The Katanga lion or the Southwest African lion inhabits Angola, Zaire, West Zambia, Zimbabwe, Namibia and Northern Botswana. P. l. melanochaita East African Lion Brands Manufacturing invites competent and qualified candidates for the following positions. They were killed by George Gilman Rushby. The printing and packaging unit of EALBI exists to meet the in-house requirements of the company. In the 19th and 20th centuries, several naturalists described zoological specimens from Southern and East Africa and proposed the following subspecies: Dispute over the validity of these purported subspecies continued among naturalists and curators of natural history museums until the early 21st century. The mane colour is also influenced by nutrition andtestosterone. In KavangoZambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area, lions have been monitored since 1999. South African lions are the largest in Africa and are found in Botswana, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Namibia Zambia, and Botswana. It can come in brown or black color. This 18 Days East African Primates, Big Cats & Big 5 Safari lets you see a lot of primates, big cats and the big five game animals in Africa. In the 1890s, two Tsavo Man-Eaters attacked workers during the building of the Uganda Railway. The lion has since been extirpated from all of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa and now occurs only in the Gir Forests of India and in some countries of sub-Saharan Africa. The lion's fur varies in colour from light buff to dark brown. They successfully attacked 74 elephants between 1993 and 1996, of which 26 were older than nine years, and one bull over 15 years old. The lion population of Selous Game Reserve has been surveyed since 1996. It has normal pigmentation in eyes and skin. With less food available in the wild, lions may be more likely to turn to hunting domesticated animals like livestock. White lions were selected for breeding in captivity. In places where prey is readily available, lions would rest for up to 22 hours, and hunt for only 2 hours. The African lion is the only big cat listed on CITES Appendix II, and the only one for which international commercial trade is legal under CITES. National Cement we provide products and services that fulfill customer expectations, and provide quality at levels greater than that available from any of our competitors. The Congo lion (Panthera leo azandica), also known as the central African lion, is a lion subspecies distributed along the plains of the African continent, especially in Uganda and the Republic of the Congo.. https://wildlife-animal-pedia.fandom.com/wiki/File:East_African_Lion_SFX.ogg Female lions are the pride's primary hunters and leaders. Private game ranches in South Africa also breed lions for the canned hunting industry. Makgadikgadi Pans National Park and Central Kalahari Game Reserve are key dispersal areas in Southern Africa. In 2003, 50 lions were radio-collared in Hwange National Park and tracked until 2012. Eco-friendly burial alternatives, explained. This business unit strives to meet the home care needs of all segments of society, with products and brands tailored accordingly. Although lions and their prey are officially protected in Tsavo National Parks, they are regularly killed by local people, with over 100 known lion killings between 2001 and 2006. In 2006, eight captive lions were registered under the name P. l. massaicus, and 23 as P. l. nubicus from Tanzania by the International Species Information System; about 100 captive lions were registered as P. l. krugeri, which derived from lions captured in South Africa. Geographic Range Lions have become rare throughout West Africa and have been extirpated from most of South Africa and much of East Africa. In South Africa the lion is listed as Least Concern but as Critically Endangered in West Africa. Panthera In 1939, the American zoologist Allen also recognized F. l. bleyenberghi, F. l. krugeri and F. l. vernayi as valid subspecies in Southern Africa, and F. l. hollisteri, F. l. nyanzae and F. l. massaica as valid subspecies in East Africa. They were removed from the wild in the 1970s, thus decreasing the white lion gene pool. Pocock subordinated the lion to the genus Panthera in 1930, when he wrote about Asiatic lions. They were over twice as large as today's lions, and at that time were not restricted to Africa. Two lion subspecies are now recognised: Genome-wide data of a wild-born historical lion sample from Sudan clustered with P. l. leo in mtDNA-based phylogenies, but with a high affinity to P. l. melanochaita. Average head-to-body length of male lions is 2.472.84 m (97112 in) with an average weight of 187263 kg (412580 lb) in Southern Africa and 174.9255 kg (386562 lb) in East Africa. A framework of habitat patches within a less-suitable matrix describes a metapopulation. The strategy envisages to maintain sufficient habitat, ensure a sufficient wild prey base, make lion-human coexistence sustainable and reduce factors that lead to further fragmentation of populations. These activities along with habitat fragmentation and loss have resulted in the endangerment of East African lions. It has rounded ears and a black tail tuft. Kenyain the 1990s due to poisoning of lions and poaching of lion prey species. Cubs died due to starvation in months when large prey was not available, or following take-over of the prides by new males. After the hunt, the group effort often degenerates to squabbling over the sharing of the kill, with cubs at the bottom of the pecking order. Both Lions in Africa and Asia are in the Lion species of course, but Asiatic Lions are one subspecies while the Lions of Africa are divided into several subspecies. Diet The lion eats on a "feast or famine" regime. The IUCN estimates these populations have declined by as much as 52 percent in East Africa and 85 percent in West Africa. The subspecies includes previously recognized subspecies such as Massaica, which was originally described from the Tanganyika territory in East Africa. Several cases of lion attacking people have been documented: In Africa, lions are threatened by pre-emptive killing or in retaliation for preying on livestock. White lions have occasionally been encountered in and around South Africa's Kruger National Park and the adjacent Timbavati Private Game Reserve. EAST AFRICA 1 SHILLING 1952 - NICE HIGH GRADE COIN (CNS 2782) Lion samples from Gabon's Batk Plateau National Park and Odzala-Kokoua National Park in Republic of the Congo were found to be genetically closely related to lion samples from Namibia and Botswana. Between 2008 and 2013, bones and body parts from at least 2621 individual lions were exported from South Africa to Southeast Asia, and another 3437 lion skeletons between 2014 and 2016. Their skulls and skins are part of the zoological collection of the. Their whitish fur is a rare morph caused by a double recessive allele. Comparative Analysis of African and Asiatic Lions There is a world somewhere between reality and fiction. In 2014, seven lions in Ikona Wildlife Management Area were reportedly poisoned by a herdsman for attacking his cattle. Litters contained two to three cubs. The African lion can be found in the sub-Sahara in grasslands and semi-arid plains of the continent. These LCUs host more than 500 individuals each, and the population trend is stable there as of 2012. Quickly and easily calculate foreign exchange rates. . These animals can sniff it out. The Official National Animal of Kenya. The unit has a portfolio of well over 50 brands lotions and creams to shampoos. They were removed from the wild in the 1970s, thus decreasing the white lion gene pool. The subspecies includes previously recognized subspecies like massaica, which was initially described from the Tanganyika Territory in Eastern Africa. The image depicts one of the lion's . Since the beginning of the 21st century, several phylogenetic studies were conducted to aid clarifying the taxonomic status of lion samples kept in museums and collected in the wild. Four of these samples clustered with samples from Central Africa, and four with samples from East Africa, indicating that the Great Rift Valley, Ethiopia was not a complete barrier to gene flow. Male lions in coalitions are closely related. [2] They successfully attacked 74 elephants between 1993 and 1996, of which 26 were older than nine years, and one bull over 15 years old. Select at least two countries or territories to compare and see how they differ from each other. That is to say, they have great tufts of manes, or their manes look like they have been combed backwards. About East African Lion Brands Manufacturing S.C EATBI, like most corporate groups in Ethiopia evolved first as a single and small business and gradually developed in to a group of business in different sectors as opportunities unfolded in the Ethiopian economic environment. The type specimen for P. l. melanochaita was a black-maned lion from the Cape of Good Hope, known as the Cape lion. At least 108 lions were killed between 2001 and 2006 in theAmboseli-Tsavo East-Tsavo Westprotected area network. Lions are nocturnal animals and live in a variety of habitats. Mane colour is also influenced by nutrition and testosterone. Metapopulation analysis can provide insight into the dynamics of each . Check out our east african lion selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. Job Title: Local Procurement Division Manager. With state-of-the-art manufacturing and quality control facilities, our products are the brands of choice in the local marketplace. $5.50 + $3.00 shipping. Being one of the largest lions, they can reach lengths between 8.2 and 10.2 feet for males and 7.5 and 8.7 for females. High-quality East African Lion Tapestries designed and sold by artists. EALBIs personal care unit is involved in the manufacture of a range of personal care products. Mane length varies from short to extending to knee joints and under the belly. However, Lions living in Africa tend to be slightly larger than the Asiatic Lion and would likely have a bit more experience against other large predators and more dangerous prey. In Mozambiques Zambezi Delta, where the effects of a protracted civil war caused lion numbers to plummet, the largest-ever lion translocation project brought in 24 lions from South Africa in 2018theyre now settled in and starting to have cubs. EastAfricanAir. They have been bred in South African camps for use as trophies to be killed during canned hunts. Job Description Prey base depletion, loss and conversion of habitat have led to a number of subpopulations becoming small and isolated. Our East African safaris offer a wild world waiting to be discovered with stays in luxury camps and lodges. African Lion (Panthera leo krugeri) Mammal Africa The Zoo is home to three adult African lions that arrived in December 2011 from an animal park outside Pretoria, South Africa. It is the primary cause for a decline of lion populations in Tanzania's Selous Game Reserve and Katavi National Park. Trophy hunting has contributed to population declines in Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Zambia. Until the late 20th century, mane colour and size was thought to be a distinct subspecific characteristic. But the species has disappeared from 94 percent of its historic range and can only be found today in parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Other small prides include Acacia pride, Simba pride, and many others. Follow us on Instagram at @natgeoyourshot or visit us at natgeo.com/yourshot for the latest submissions and news about the community. Genetic exchanges between populations in the Cape, Kalahari and Transvaal Province regions and farther east are considered having been possible through a corridor between the Great Escarpment and the Indian ocean. Phylogeographic analysis of lion samples from Gabon and the Republic of the Congo indicate their close genetic relation to P. l. melanochaita samples from Namibia and Botswana. Results show that adult male and female lions preferred grassland and shrubland habitat, but avoided woodlands and areas with high human density. Females are smaller and less heavy. In the 19th and 20th centuries, lion type specimen were described on the basis of mane size and colour. Class It has rounded ears and a black tail tuft. Females average 124.2149.8 kg (274330 lb) in Southern Africa and 119.5145.8 kg (263321 lb) in East Africa. During the 20th century, lion populations in this part of Africa became fragmented and declined in several range countries due to loss of habitat and prey base, poaching and killing of lions to protect livestock and human life. Poachers target the species, too, as their bones and other body parts are valuable in the illegal wildlife trade. It is Derek Keats from Johannesburg, South Africa, USAID U.S. Agency for International Development, U.S. Government Accountability Office from Washing, The original uploader was SalJyDieBoereKomLei at E. P. l. leo comprises lion populations in North, West and Central Africa and Asia. P.O Box 10293 - 00100. East African lion - selected places of occurrence in Sudan, Where to next? In this part of Africa, lion populations are regionally extinct in Lesotho, Djibouti and Eritrea, and threatened by loss of habitat and prey base, killing by local people in retaliation for loss of livestock, and in several countries also by trophy hunting. Between 1966 and 1972, two observed lion prides comprised between seven and 10 females each that had litters once in 23 months on average. In 2015 and 2017, two male lions, Cecil and his son Xanda, were killed by trophy hunters in Zimbabwe's Hwange National Park. The longest wild lion reportedly was a male shot near Mucusso National Park in southern Angola in 1973. In the Serengeti National Park, lions were observed to also scavenge on carrion of animals that were killed by other predators, or died from natural causes. Available Positions Include: Job Title: Senior Procurement Officer - International procurement. Website https://eastafricanlionbrands.com/ Industries Manufacturing Company size 1,001-5,000 employees Headquarters Bishoftu, Bishoftu/Liben Chuqala/oromia Type Partnership Specialties home care. A male lion can eat 35 kilograms of meat in a single kill and rest for around a week before hunting again. Male lions usually live for between 10 to 12 years in the wild, but females can live up to the age of 14 or 15. The name 'Simba' is a Swahili word for the lion, which also means 'aggressive', 'king' and 'strong'. Panthera leo melanochaita is a lion subspecies in Southern and East Africa. Among six samples from captive lions that originated in Ethiopia, five samples clustered with samples from East Africa, but one clustered with samples from theSahel. In 1963, two lions in Tanzania weighed 320 and 360 kg (700 and 800 lb) after killing several livestock. There are two types of pride in Masai Lion pride: the cheli pride and the peacock pride. In 2005, a Lion Conservation Strategy was developed for East and Southern Africa. Females had litters once in 23 months on average. The lion is a large cat of the genus Panthera native to Africa and India. Hence, dispersing lions are more vulnerable to coming into conflict with humans than adult lions. Photograph by pekka Jrventaus, National Geographic Your Shot, Can we bring a species back from the brink?, Video Story, Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic Society, Copyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. 154 relations. IUCN regional offices and many wildlife conservation organisations cooperated to develop a Lion Conservation Strategy for Eastern and Southern Africa in 2006. RwandaandTanzaniadue to killing of lions during theRwandan Civil Warand ensuingrefugee crisisin the 1990s. The type specimen for P. l. melanochaita was a black-maned lion from the Cape of Good Hope, known as the Cape lion. TheEast African lionis aPanthera leo melanochaitapopulationinEast Africa. Establishing corridors between protected areas is important for facilitating dispersal of lions. TRAFFIC will present the report findings to the relevant governments, authorities and NGOs. In the 1970s, the scientific name P. l. vernayi was considered synonymous with P. l. krugeri. In February 2018, lions killed a suspected poacher near Kruger National Park. The new year once started in Marchhere's why, Jimmy Carter on the greatest challenges of the 21st century, This ancient Greek warship ruled the Mediterranean, How cosmic rays helped find a tunnel in Egypt's Great Pyramid, Who first rode horses?