Branson, in a pensive mood, visits the boat after 27 years. [1][2] Co-pilot Michael Alsbury was killed and pilot Peter Siebold was seriously injured. The purpose-built Flyer, now preserved at the Imperial War Museum in Duxford, Cambridgeshire, UK, was the product of major advances in balloon technology. The VSS Enterprise crash occurred on October 31, 2014, when the VSS Enterprise, a SpaceShipTwo experimental spaceflight test vehicle operated by Virgin Galactic, suffered a catastrophic in-flight breakup during a test flight and crashed in the Mojave Desert near Cantil, California. As the seas built up it was becoming a rough ride. [3], On the day of the accident, Enterprise was performing a test flight powered flight 4 (PF04) in which it was dropped from the WhiteKnightTwo carrier aircraft, VMS Eve, after taking off from the Mojave Air and Space Port. Investigators said the developer of the spacecraft failed to include systems to protect against human error, believing that highly trained test pilots were simply incapable of making a wrong move,[39] and that co-pilot Michael Alsbury may have been influenced by time pressure, along with strong vibration and acceleration forces he had not experienced since his last powered test flight in April 2013. On Wednesday afternoon, the Atlantic Challenger radioed she was running out of fuel after a tank had split and 300 gallons of fuel had escaped. I will remember that last night for a long, long time. "[46] Other members of IAASS also commented on the accident in the immediate aftermath. Now lying in Plymouth, the restored Virgin Atlantic Challenger II can be yours for 725,000. 35 years after smashing the Atlantic speed record Sir Richard Bransons Virgin Atlantic Challenger II, continues to be seen on the waters of South West England. At 1:30 P.M. today, the Atlantic Challenger made her last refueling stop, 245 miles from the finish line. The Randolph is an extremely effective firefighting tool. Siebold was not wearing a pressure suit. The only option was to keep going but with a 10 hour delay the chances of the record were minimal. Mr Stevens said he had spent about 400,000 restoring the boat after buying it for a "couple of hundred thousand pounds". [34] On 19 February 2016, Enterprise's successor, VSS Unity, was unveiled by Scaled Composites and Virgin Galactic. The model depicts the lighthouse and the rock itself. Acting Chairman Christopher Hart's first briefing on crash of Space Ship Two in Mojave, Calif. new, more powerful and steadier-thrust hybrid rocket engine, International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety, List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents, "Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo Crashes in New Setback for Commercial Spaceflight", "National Transportation Safety Board Aerospace Accident Report In-Flight Breakup During Test Flight Scaled Composites SpaceShipTwo, N339SS Near Koehn Dry Lake, California October 31, 2014", "Pilot killed in spaceship crash identified", "Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo rocket plane crashes", "SpaceShipTwo Rocket Plane Debris Spread Over 35 Miles, NTSB Says - NBC News", "Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo crashes during test flight", "Crashed Virgin Spacecraft Descent Function Deployed Early", "Investigators Focus on Tail Booms in Crash of Space Plane", "Spaceship's descent device deployed prematurely", "SpaceShipTwo 'Feather' Tail System Deployed Prematurely: NTSB - NBC News", "Virgin Galactic descent system activated early, investigators say", "Crash Analysis: How SpaceShipTwo's Feathered Tails Work", "SpaceShipTwo Probe Focuses On Human Factors, Test Procedures", "Virgin Galactic Spacecraft Crashes, Killing One", "Rocket plane's tail activated prematurely in fatal crash", "Pilot Who Survived Space Crash Says Parachute Opened Itself", "One dead in Virgin Galactic SpaceShipTwo test crash", "Richard Branson and Burt Rutan Form Spacecraft Building Company", "Virgin Galactic was reportedly too aggressive with commercial launch timeline", "Problems Plagued Virgin Galactic Rocket Ship Long Before Crash", "Virgin Galactic Breaks Speed of Sound in First Rocket-Powered Flight of SpaceShipTwo", "Virgin Galactic rolls out 'Unity,' the second SpaceShipTwo", "NTSB Launches Go-Team to Investigate Virgin Galactic Test Flight Crash", "Virgin Galactic crash: Inquiry team lands in Mojave", "SpaceShipTwo 'Feather' Tail System Deployed Prematurely", "Virgin Galactic crash: SpaceShipTwo probe 'may take year', "Investigators Cite Inadequate Design Safeguards in SpaceShip Two Crash: NTSB staff questions if pilots fully aware of flight hazards", "Pilot Training Fell Short in Virgin Galactic Crash, Investigators Say", "Lack of Consideration for Human Factors Led to In-Flight Breakup of SpaceShipTwo", "Deadly SpaceShipTwo Crash Caused by Co-Pilot Error: NTSB", "NTSB: Co-pilot of spaceship unlocked braking system early", "Will Virgin SpaceShipTwo crash set back space tourism? Read the archives of the NY Times for more. Rocket propulsion expert Carolynne Campbell-Knight said that Virgin Galactic "should stop, give up. Ecki Rastig was the engineer, there to nurse the pair of 2,000 hp mtu 396 diesels that would power us across the ocean and Peter McCann of the BBC was there to record the event for posterity on his TV camera. 27 years later, six rather grey-haired and wrinkled old men climbed on board to make a short 20 mile voyage down the coast to Fowey from the base in Plymouth. The revamped vessel, used by Virgin boss Sir Richard Branson to set his 1986 Atlantic crossing record, carries an asking price of 725,000. They were started again and then stopped once more. At the stop, the boat delivering the fuel malfunctioned and Atlantic Challenger was delayed for more than an hour. I never knew a boat and its engines could take so much punishment and still keep going. of Fuel (N2O) in Mojave and New Mexico Spaceports, "CBC.ca - Canadian News Sports Entertainment Kids Docs Radio TV", "Mojave Jobs: Virgin Galactic Needs a Vice President of Safety", NTSB Investigates Virgin Galactic Test Flight Crash, Report discussing how Peter Siebold escaped from, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VSS_Enterprise_crash&oldid=1142566031, Aviation accidents and incidents in California, Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 2014, Space accidents and incidents in the United States, Aviation accidents and incidents caused by pilot error, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the National Transportation Safety Board, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 04:02. Reminiscing about an eventful journey "It's great to bring her back into British waters. While the report cites CRM issues as a likely contributing cause, Virgin says there is no plan to modify the cockpit display system.[37]. Free shipping for many products! The Board also found that the Scaled Composites unit of Northrop Grumman, which designed and flew the prototype space tourism vehicle, did not properly prepare for potential human slip-ups by providing a fail-safe system that could have guarded against such premature deployment. MTU V12 396 TB 93 diesel engines, succeeded in doing what her namesake almost did last year.She beat the transatlantic speed record set in 1952 by the liner United States. There has been no independent oversight. Both were eventually rescued from the freezing water by the Royal Navy. Convinced by Lindstrand that a transatlantic hot-air balloon flight was both safe and achievable, the pair boarded the Virgin Atlantic Flyer in Sugarloaf on 2 July 1987. Seasonal routes. "I hope whoever buys it is keen for more explorations on the high seas.". The boss of Seahawk Workboats in Plymouth plans to race her in the Cowes to Torquay race at the end of September and the round-Britain race next year. Branson's first attempt on the record, in 65 ft twin-hull Virgin Atlantic Challenger, departed New York in June 1985. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Plymouth boatyard owner Dan Stevens and his team spent two months restoring Challenger II. speed set mortar working time of thinset; best choice products jeep parts; zulu social aid and pleasure club posters What makes a Guinness World Records title? For years there were no buyers and then Dan Stevens, the owner of a boatyard in Plymouth, England, heard about it and negotiated its purchase. Their aim was to beat the trans-Atlantic speed record of 3 days, 10 hours and 40 minutes set in 1952 by the American passenger liner United States and to recapture the Blue Riband Trophy for Britain. "There's a difference between the marketing and the engineering sides of the company", Mr. Moses said on November 10, 2014. His first attempt was in 1985, setting sail from New York aboard Challenger I, but the vessel sank just 120 miles from the finish line at the Bishops Rock lighthouse. Some 204 years later, on 2-3 July 1987, businessman and serial record-chaser Richard Branson (UK), 36, and adventurer Per Lindstrand (Sweden), 38, channelled the Montgolfiers' ambition and spirit in their bid to cross the Atlantic Ocean - all 4,947 km (3,074 mi) of it between Sugarloaf in Maine, USA, and Limavady in Co Londonderry, UK - in a hot-air balloon (as opposed to a helium-filled balloon such as the Double Eagle II, which was successfully flown across the Atlantic in August 1978 by American pilots Ben Abruzzo, Maxie Anderson and Larry Newman). Two owners, Dan Stevens and Sir Richard Branson, sit at the helm. The future of shipping is green. Late tonight, Mr. Branson and his crew, all smiling, stepped ashore at St. Mary's, Isles of Scilly. ", The report's details of the final moments of the flight reveal that the feather system was unlocked as SS2 accelerated under rocket power through Mach 0.92 at 10.07:28, 9 seconds after release from the WhiteKnightTwo (WK2) carrier aircraft and 14 seconds before the vehicle would have reached Mach 1.4, the minimum speed at which the tail was designed to be unlocked. Find your Hybrid Solution that meets your individual needs. What a disgrace! The attempt began three days ago in New York. Alongside were Steve Ridgway who is now the MD of the airline and yachtsman Chay Blyth. Richard Branson's Virgin Atlantic Challenger II, a 72 aluminum monohull powered by twin 2,000-hp. [25] Since October 2010, VSS Enterprise had flown 20 captive flights while remaining attached to its WhiteKnightTwo carrier aircraft, 31 unpowered glide-to-landing tests, and three rocket-powered test flights. Sir Richard, who brought the original crew together for the trip to Fowey, gave "huge thanks" to Mr Stevens and said the "heart and soul" had been put back into the vessel. What kind of boat could you get for 725,000? That same year American businessman Tom Gentry made an attempt in his 110ft powerboat Gentry Eagle, (which cost $7 million in 1988[4] ($14million in 2021 dollars[5]) and was fitted with twin 3,480 hp MTU V396 TB94s turbocharged marine diesel engines, in addition to a single 4,500-horsepower Textron Lycoming TF40 marine turbine engine for a total of 11,500 horsepower)[6] but she was damaged by heavy seas off Newfoundland and forced to turn back. There was still some unfinished business: A year ago we had already made an attempt at breaking the record. We were six young men wanting to break the stranglehold of the liners on the Atlantic record. We put the boat in the water and it ran like clockwork until the fuel stopped coming through from the tanks. Read our use case to learn how our engines provide 100% Anyone can read what you share. Both were eventually rescued from the freezing water by the Royal Navy. The Virgin Atlantic Challenge Trophy is currently held by the Aga Khan's vessel, Destriero. ''If necessary,'' he said, ''we will stand arm-in-arm around the trophy to stop them taking it.''. Otto - Longest human tunnel travelled through by a skateboarding dog, Ashrita Furman - Most Guinness World Records titles held. There's simply too much wreck to take in at once. We would be two hours inside the record if we kept going and it all looked downhill from here with just half an hour to go. What a relief!! Reducing emissions and fuel costs at the same time? [32] The on-site investigation was scheduled to take four to seven days. Suddenly our hopes of glory turned to gloom. 2023 BBC. Learn more about the economical operation of our engines and the benefits of HVO as a sustainable fuel alternative. Man's compulsion to fly was realized on 21 November 1783, when two French aviators rose 3,000 ft (914 m) above Paris in a balloon invented by the Montgolfier brothers. Her crew of nine, including a yachtsman who had rowed the Atlantic and a millionaire sponsor whose experience was limited to a canal boat, were rescued unhurt by a British banana boat, the Geestbay, that lumbered along in answer to their calls of Mayday. . Earlier they moored up in Fowey, Cornwall, reuniting crew members from the 1986 and their famous backer, Virgin boss Sir Richard Branson. In 1986, we were a six man crew onVirgin Atlantic Challenger IIwith Richard Branson heading up the team. Everything unchanged His 72-ft powerboat, the Virgin Atlantic Challenger, reached the Bishop Rock off the Isles of Scilly just after 1930BST. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for 1971 Dodge Challenger Custom 1/64 Diecast Wrecked Junkyard Crashed Car Wreck at the best online prices at eBay! ", "Pilot dies as Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo lost during test flight", "Branson on Virgin Galactic crash: 'Space is hard -- but worth it', "Problems Plagued Virgin Galactic Rocket Ship Long Before Crash: Richard Branson's Projections on Launch Ran Counter to Technical Capabilities", "Virgin Galactic crash: Spaceflight company warned of safety issues, expert claims", "Branson spaceship explosion: The 'missed' warnings", "Virgin Was Allegedly Warned By Expert About 'Unpredictable' New Fuel", CSB public hearing-comment Open OSHA-EPA unacceptable Response to standards which should include N20 Handling-Storage of Virgin Galactic and Scaled Composites 15,000 + Lbs. SpaceShipTwo's feathering mechanism then began moving even though that motion had not been commanded. With some more work we had the boat up and running and as before it took just a couple of cranks of the engines before they fired up. The boat ran like clockwork on the 2,000 mile voyage back to the UK and this is where we arranged the reunion for the original crew. The $2.1 million Atlantic Challenger, a 65-foot-long twin-hulled vessel with two 2,000-horsepower engines, was reported still floating, submerged and bow-up, 138 miles from the finish line at the Bishop Rock Lighthouse in the Isles of Scilly, where champagne and the relatives of the crew were waiting. The Flight Test Data Card for this mission, giving information on the test vehicle and the step-by-step mission plan, called for the feathering system to be unlocked at Mach 1.4, but did not indicate that unlocking early could be a danger. But instead of being showcased, the famous racing boat ended up in a shipyard on the Balearic Island of Majorca where it was found by British boating enthusiast Dan Stevens and restored to former glory. One of the crew, Chris Duggan, a Royal Marine, had lost two of his front teeth in a storm, Mr. Branson said, and ''altogether it's been quite a gruelling experience.''. [50], In an editorial in Time magazine on October 31, 2014, Jeffrey Kluger concluded, "A fatal accident in the Mojave Desert is a lesson in the perils of space hubris. In our tiny world we were completely isolated from the outside and just focusing on getting the job done. The boat was welded using a meta-lax sub-harmonic stress relieving process. Can Nigeria's election result be overturned? He said: "I have put a lot of blood and sweat into doing the refit. TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. He was the navigator on the memorable journey across the Atlantic. In its submission to the NTSB, Virgin Galactic says the second SS2, nearing completion, had been modified with an automatic mechanical inhibit device to prevent locking or unlocking of the feather during safety-critical phases. Contact Stepping on board afterso manyyears, the feeling of relief came flooding back. Seven hours before the second refueling stop, Mr. Toleman decided the boat was going too fast and consuming fuel too quickly. A team second to none when it comes to power boating. [8] Witnesses reported seeing a parachute before the aircraft crashed. Make sure youre using the most recent version of your browser, or try using one of these supported browsers, to get the full mtu Solutions experience. The shocking legacy of the Dutch 'Hunger Winter', Why Alex Murdaugh was spared the death penalty, 'Trump or bust' - grassroots Republicans are still loyal. Lucky to escape with their lives, inexperienced balloonist Branson was left to fly the stricken vessel alone when Lindstrand baled out. He released the straps and his parachute later deployed automatically. Hes worked on boats, lived on boats, bought boats, sold boats and when hes not actually on board a boat he can generally be found in his Folkestone office, tapping away at the computer and gazing out to sea. Part of Britains maritime heritage Rastig leapedinto the engine room and came up with filters full of water instead of fuel. I'm just really happy that I was able to save such an iconic boat.". It was a trip down memory lane for all of us. They should stay out of the space business. [12][13] Two seconds later, while still under rocket propulsion, the craft disintegrated. I couldnt let it go to scrap so I purchased it and took a team out to Palma where we stripped the fuel tanks, shoveled out the foam granules and lined the tank shells with composite to create new rigid tanks. VSS Enterprise was crewed by pilot Peter Siebold and co-pilot Michael Alsbury. [17], Regarding the possibility of pilot error being the proximate cause of the crash, acting NTSB chairman Christopher Hart said: "We are not ruling anything out. There is written on their web-page: As this was a pre-production boat for the Military; the plans were not available to modellers. At Virgin Atlantic's headquarters in London staff had also been waiting to celebrate a famous success. Here we were after 3,000 miles of punishing ocean, racing towards the rocks of the Isles of Scilly at 50 knots and we were virtually blind. Along with Mr. Toleman, a former European and British powerboat champion, the crew included Richard Branson, the millionaire chairman of Virgin Records and co-sponsor of the project; Chay Blyth, a round-the-world yachtsman who has rowed the Atlantic, and Dag Pike, one of the world's foremost navigators of offshore powerboats. A champagne reception at the yacht club went ahead as planned. ''It was something hard - they still don't know what it was,'' said Mr. Powell. The Virgin Atlantic Challenger, a powerboat trying to beat the trans-Atlantic speed record of a liner, filled with water and sank just below the surface in stormy weather today only hours from the British lighthouse that marked the end of her 2,850-mile course. Even now I can still feel the pain. how to bypass starter interrupt device; reynolds funeral home quarryville, pa. infinite campus parent portal fulton county The moment we saw the lighthouse of Bishop Rock and knew Weve made it! Everything became a blur. Virgin Atlantic Challenger II, the boat that broke the Atlantic sea-crossing record in 1986, has been restored to its former glory after being found languishing in a Majorcan boatyard. An explicit warning about the dangers of premature unlocking has also been added to the checklist and operating handbook, and a formalized crew resource management (CRM) approach, already used by Virgin for its WK2 operations, is being adopted for SS2. It is not yet known what caused the Challenger to overturn but the voyage had been hampered by bad weather. [citation needed] There were several performance issues during the ship engine's development in 2012 and 2013. We could already feel its effects on the increasing height of the waves but we had the speed to outrun the storm. Last year, the 64 aluminum catamaran Virgin Atlantic Challenger, powered by similar . Together with the record breaking crew, he presented the boat to the public during the summer. In response to this Branson decided to commission the new trophy, open to all challengers. [15][16] The feathering system had been deliberately deployed at supersonic speeds during earlier powered flight tests of SS2, but previous activation either occurred in thinner air at higher altitudes, or at much lower speeds than the flight on October 31. Ecki Rastig was brought in to check over the engines and declared them fit and ready even though they had not run for 10 years. The system was unlocked by Michael Alsbury, but the feathering control was not moved, indicating an uncommanded feathering as "that action alone should not have been enough to pivot the tails upright" according to the NTSB. Mr Stevens said his main concern was finding a "good home". In 1986. a second attempt by Branson, in Virgin Atlantic Challenger II, set a new speed record, but the American Merchant Marine Museum refused to surrender the Hales Trophy, claiming Challenger was not a commercial passenger ship. The trophy was created following Richard Branson's record-breaking Atlantic crossing in 1986 and the refusal by the American Merchant Marine Museum to surrender the Hales Trophy, the then only official award for the Atlantic crossing record. Then, in January 1991, less than four years after conquering the Atlantic Ocean, Branson and Lindstrand were accompanied by American millionaire Steve Fossett on the first hot-air balloon flight across the Pacific. [31], At a news conference on November 2, NTSB acting chairman Christopher Hart said the lockunlock lever for the vehicle's feathering mechanism was moved to the unlocked position at slightly above Mach1. Virgin Atlantic has its origins in a joint endeavour by Randolph Fields, an American-born lawyer, and Alan Hellary, a former chief pilot for British private airline Laker Airways. "It was lovely to open it up to full throttle, the heart and soul is back in the boat, speed was what she was built for. Built by Thunder & Colt, the 'envelope' was the largest ever flown at the time at 65,000 m (2.29 million cu ft, approximately the size of a 21-storey building) and was made of laminate fabric on a 'skeleton' of load tapes and webbing, with solar heat absorption fabric used around the bottom half. For the 21st century billionaire, space travel is what buying a professional sports team was for the rich boys of an earlier era: the biggest, coolest, most impressive toy imaginable. At the St Mary's yacht club in the Isles of Scilly the scene had been set for a celebration before news of the capsize came through. "[44][45] Sgobba, the former head of flight safety for the European Space Agency, said on November 6, 2014, that industry best practice called for operators to build in "two-failure tolerance", or sufficient safeguards to survive two separate, unrelated failurestwo human errors, two mechanical errors or one of each. [3] They determined that the co-pilot, who died in the accident, prematurely unlocked a movable tail section some ten seconds after SpaceShipTwo fired its rocket engine and was breaking the sound barrier, resulting in the craft breaking apart. Nearly 250,000 Detroit Diesel 2-Cycle engines are still going strong all over the world. Originally commissioned in 1984 by Sir Richard Branson as a record-breaking transatlantic superboat, Virgin Atlantic Challenger II is now fully restored and ready to go to a good home. I don't think Ill ever forget those feelings I had. We didnt know it but the outside world was holding its breath as well. [23], The vehicle in the accident, VSS Enterprise, registration N339SS, was the sole Scaled Composites Model 339 SpaceShipTwo test vehicle. used grapple trailers for sale; taco bell uniform australia. [23] It was expected to take about a year for the final report to be released. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Today, 35 years later, she continues to sail from time to time through the waters of South West England with her 4,000 horsepower. "What we see in the incident is what we call 'zero-failure tolerance'," Mr Sgobba said. Atlantic Challenger - The Onboard Story 1985 Failed Attempt aprc54 39 subscribers 14K views 9 years ago Tomorrows World Special detailing the first failed attempt in 1985 of Virgin Atlantic. About eleven seconds later, the space plane violently broke apart,[7] substantially giving the appearance of an explosion, and creating a 35-mile-long (55-kilometer) debris field. Principato. However, the weather had other plans. armed forces vacation club for veterans 082 825 4557; welsh keith brymer jones wife zapperstore.xyz@gmail.com Currently lying in the UK with delivery available globally, the 55knot icon was refitted in 2013 with only 930 engine hours since build. After the record attempt she was taken to the Mediterranean where she was sold to Prince Rashid of Saudi Arabia. "It is not about the money, it's about finding someone who is sensitive about the boat. mtu is proud to continue providing expert support. Take a look back at Richard Branson's 1986 attempt to cross the Atlantic in record time aboard Virgin Atlantic Challenger II. She still looks and sounds the same. Nearly everything on board looked just the same. ', because everything was working exactly as we predicted," admitted the Swede after the attempt. A Go Team was dispatched to the accident site on October 31, 2014. "We needed to come up with fun ways of promoting the airline, getting Virgin on the map," he said. After surviving rough weather and the threat of late icebergs Challenger was fatally damaged by striking a submerged object 100 miles from Bishops Rock, the intended finishing line, and sank in heavy seas. The revamped vessel, used by Virgin boss Sir Richard Branson to set his 1986 Atlantic crossing record, carries an asking price of 725,000. After surviving rough weather and the threat of late icebergs Challenger was fatally damaged by striking a submerged object 100 miles from Bishops Rock, the intended finishing line, and sank in heavy seas. Their perilous, 7,671.9-km (4,767.1-mi) journey from Japan to Canada in the Virgin Otsuka Pacific Flyer lasted 46 hr 15 min. The Virgin Atlantic Challenge Trophy is an award for the fastest trans-Atlantic crossing by a surface vessel, one of several such awards that have grown out of the contest for the prestigious Blue Riband of the Atlantic. It's hard not to be angry, even disgusted, with Branson himself. This will include call-outs and a challenge/response protocol. Controlling power with intelligent electronics. This is a digitized version of an article from The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. Despite our wellcushioned seats the pain started at the bottom of your spine and travelled all the way up to your head. Published by Richard Branson's own Virgin Games, this was the official title to accompany his record attempt at the fastest crossing of the Atlantic Ocean, his boat the Virgin Atlantic Challenger II. Dont have permissions to change browser? The contest was unofficial, involving no set rules or tangible award, and was undertaken for the prestige the accolade brought. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. ''They were going along very smoothly when suddenly there was a bang and they hit something,'' said Tim Powell, the project chairman, who talked with Mr. Toleman as soon as he arrived tonight at the Isles of Scilly, off southwest England. FacebookTwitterYouTubeInstagramLinkedInSnapchatPinterestTiktok, Registered Office: Ground Floor, The Rookery, 2 Dyott Street, London, WC1A 1DE, United Kingdom. Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions.

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