14 0 obj If AAA and BBB are events, then P(AB)P(B)P(A|B)\le P(B)P(AB)P(B). >> 25 0 obj Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. /Subtype /Type1 What is "lowballing?" << /F3 23 0 R The cognitive miser theory is an . /GS7 27 0 R Add to folder during socialrejection/inclusion, IMPRESSION: an idea, feeling, or opinion about something orsomeone, especially one formed without conscious thought or onthe basis of little evidence, PERSON PERCEPTION: the process through which people observeother people, interpret information about them, draw inferencesabout them, & develop mental representations of them, provides the basis for the way we think, feel, and behavetowards others, physical characteristics (e.g. 2 . 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R where ttt is the time in seconds since the ball was thrown. Much of the work done within this model focused on examining how people perceive and explain why others behave the way they do. How did Asch study conformity? Identify three specific concepts that support the logic of each philosophical anthropology (you should be discussing a total of 9 supporting concepts). endobj /Endnote /Note [31] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. /S /Part endobj We'll bring you back here when you are done. Built within the framework of self-categorization, researchers believe that people employ categorical thinking to make sense of the social world. ->Temne: food accumulating, shared resources, more confomity The cognitive miser and focal bias . It spans a topic. This switch in processing between the two can be termed, A2 Psychology Concepts and studies and advanced psychology. /Resources << -Responses varied across cultures /F4 24 0 R What is social contagion? << In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. De Neys . The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributionalbiases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. /F3 23 0 R However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". /F3 23 0 R /Resources << 48 . Ex) slightly unprejudiced becomes less prejudiced and vice versa. -automatic responses, eye contact, speech problems, etc, -Minimal intergroup paradigm: the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups. [37] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. Categories are in some way ultimate heuristics, they can be /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] >> /F4 24 0 R DanielKahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[36]. /Resources << /Widths [278] /Font << [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-information voters. /Parent 2 0 R /Diagram /Figure /RoleMap 18 0 R What is the Sensation vs Perception Bias? /Type /Group [32] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. /Contents 39 0 R 23417270. free . /F6 26 0 R Describe his findings. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Gordon Pennycook . What are some real world consequences of attributions? ], People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. /Tabs /S The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. 272 0 R 273 0 R 274 0 R 275 0 R 276 0 R 277 0 R 278 0 R 279 0 R 280 0 R 281 0 R 260 0 R 261 0 R] How did the experimenters increase inter-group hostility between the two groups of boys? /CS /DeviceRGB The last chapter ended with a new model of the social knower, able to function strategically as either naive scientist or cognitive miser. >> >> This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser. partner, friend, parent, celebrities), Role schema: knowledge structures about role occupants(e.g. /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 778 0 0 0 /Tabs /S Barr . The cognitive miser theory thus has implications for persuading the public: attitude formation is a competition between people's value systems and prepositions (or their own interpretive schemata) on a certain issue, and how public discourses frame it. According to Walter Lippmann's arguments in his classic book Public Opinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. >> What characterizes the central route and what kinds of decisions are involved? /CS /DeviceRGB /F1 21 0 R What kinds of reasoning errors occur when the observer doesn't have enough information? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -Diffusion of responsibility: reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others. Congratulations on this excellent venture what a great idea! << In what ways do we view members of our In-group differently from out-groups? /Resources << List and Describe the Algebraic Impression Formation types: The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. /F4 24 0 R /Type /Group /F1 21 0 R /ExtGState << If the statement is always true, explain why. the degree to which something is extreme) is >> /Resources << It is an important concept in social cognition theory and . c. Cognitive miser model d. Nave scientist model 6. Stolz . /StructParents 0 How does the brain respond to social rejection? /Name /F1 /GS8 28 0 R >> [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur. /F2 22 0 R Which is viewed as more homogeneous? /GS8 28 0 R /Type /Group 10.3758/s13423-013-0384-5 . -Conformity: submission to a social influence, alter behavior from group pressures. /Type /Group >> A large share of the world supply of diamonds comes from Russia and South Africa. Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient information processing and streamlined decision making. self-interest), BUT even in ideal circumstances, people are not very careful scientists & still make errors, people are limited in capacity to process information, take numerous cognitive shortcuts, MOTIVATED TACTICIAN: people have multiple cognitive strategiesavailable, from which they choose on the basis of personal goals,motives, and needs, e.g. Aug 2016. [39][originalresearch? a. Cognitive dissonance theory b. Attribution theories c. Dual-process models d. Neuropsychological models 12. a. [33] Yet certain pitfalls may be neglected in these shortcuts. When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. [33] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy -Motivation: feel good -Post decision dissonance: start like flawed scientists after we're motivated to who'd rather feel right >> Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient informationprocessing and streamlined decision making. Here are 9 common cognitive shortcuts most people do to minimize the use of the brains we've been given. >> [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. Prototype: abstract, cognitive representation of the typical/idealcategory member (with all the categorys defining features), Exemplars: specific, concrete example of a category member, can vary in how prototypical they are (i.e. >> [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of social psychology research that questioned its explanatory power. I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like. ETSU Online Programs - http://www.etsu.edu/onlineModule 4 - Social Psychology: Cognitive Misers, Schemas, & Social CognitionMOD 04 EP 15 What are its real world consequences? heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Human inference: strategies and shortcomings of social judgment, Like goes with like: the role of representativeness in erroneous and pseudoscientific beliefs, Science and selection: essays on biological evolution and the philosophy of science, 3 MESSAGES AND HEURISTICS: HOW AUDIENCES FORM ATTITUDES ABOUT EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government. /Author (Fiske) 444 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Slide /Part When can it enhance social behavior? /Type /Page -Within group: underestimate differences within groups, view their group as heterogeneous How did Milgram study obedience? >> Narcissism Individual differences variable character ized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. -Treatment: appoint a devils advocate. /Creator (alibabadownload.com) -Dissonance: being aware of bad behaviors, conflicting behaviors or beliefs. /Type /Group When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. We have created a browser extension. The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and humanbehavior. endobj 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R] 22 0 obj > unusual & distinctive attracts our attention> signifies potential danger detection has survival value. Explain the significance of Here is an example of how people's belief are formed under the dual process model in several steps: The reasoning process can be activated to help with the intuition when: Conflicts also exists in this dual-process. Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. /GS8 28 0 R >> /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. Rather than using an in-depth understanding of scientific topics, people make decisions based on other shortcuts or heuristics such as ideological predistortions or cues from mass media, and therefore use only as much information as necessary. << Naive scientist b. Voters use small amounts of personal information to construct a narrative about candidates. -Aggression: westerners feel angry to people they are close to or when they are mistreated, easterners opposite /Type /Group 2 [91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R What kinds of information does a flawed scientist use when thinking about the behavior of others? >> 24 0 obj /Type /Catalog /CS /DeviceRGB What is obedience? 0 0 0 611 611 667 0 611 611 722 endobj /Name /F2 [13], Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. What kinds of information does a cognitive miser use when thinking about the behavior of others? Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and Arie W. Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivated tactician. -TST: a fill in the blank text, first test was "I am" second test was "I am ___ at school" /Font << /Tabs /S >> too much on mibd = heuristics 3) importance - heuristics better for estimates, if decison is important become a naive scientist 4) information level - if have all necessary info = become naive scientist /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /CA 1 The nave scientist Pioneering social psychologist Fritz Heider wanted to build a basic theory of the social mind, and to do that he aimed to establish the fundamental guiding principles that drive social behaviour. /Parent 2 0 R [37], The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. /CS /DeviceRGB /F1 21 0 R [>>>] 5,000 & 8,000 \\ How does the combined spending on both types of consumer goods compare to the spending on services? Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. >> [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur.